{"id":8723,"date":"2022-08-01T12:40:31","year":"2022","link":"https:\/\/rigasveseliba.lv\/lv\/aktualitates\/imunitates-kritiskie-periodi-no-berna-dzimsanas-lidz-pusaudza-vecumam\/","type":"aktualitates","slug":"imunitates-kritiskie-periodi-no-berna-dzimsanas-lidz-pusaudza-vecumam","featured_image":"https:\/\/rigasveseliba.lv\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Bernu_imunitate.jpg","title":"Imunit\u0101tes kritiskie periodi no b\u0113rna dzim\u0161anas l\u012bdz pusaud\u017ea vecumam","content":"

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B\u0113rns nepiedzimst ar jau gatavu, stipru imunit\u0101ti, t\u0101 att\u012bst\u0101s un nobriest kop\u0101 ar b\u0113rnu. Par b\u0113rna organisma kritiskajiem imunit\u0101tes periodiem st\u0101sta R\u012bgas vesel\u012bbas centra fili\u0101les \u201cImanta\u201d pediatre Mariana Ri\u017eikova<\/span>.<\/span><\/h2>\n

Raksts p\u0101rpublic\u0113ts un tapis sadarb\u012bb\u0101 ar \u0123imenes port\u0101lu\u00a0www.mammamuntetiem.lv<\/span><\/p>\n

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Im\u016bnsist\u0113mas att\u012bst\u012bba un nobrie\u0161ana<\/strong><\/span>
\nIkviena dz\u012bva b\u016btne piedzimst ar dab\u012bgo (nespecifisko) imunit\u0101ti, kas ir iedzimta visp\u0101r\u0113ja organisma sp\u0113ja aizsarg\u0101t pati sevi. Iedzimt\u0101s imunit\u0101tes d\u0113\u013c cilv\u0113ks neslimo ar daudz\u0101m dz\u012bvnieku kait\u0113m, savuk\u0101rt dz\u012bvnieki \u2013 ar cilv\u0113ku slim\u012bb\u0101m.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u012bdz ar b\u0113rna \u0137erme\u0146a att\u012bst\u012bbu\u00a0pilnveidojas ar\u012b vi\u0146a im\u016bnsist\u0113ma<\/strong><\/span>
\nP\u0113c dzim\u0161anas b\u0113rnu aizsarg\u0101 m\u0101tes imunit\u0101te: m\u0101tes organisma izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101s\u00a0antivielas jeb imunoglobul\u012bnus b\u0113rns sa\u0146em ar m\u0101tes pienu.\u00a0L\u012bdztekus jau no dzim\u0161anas br\u012b\u017ea mazu\u013ca organisms s\u0101k ar\u012b savu antivielu sint\u0113zi. S\u0101kotn\u0113ji t\u0101s nav specifiskas konkr\u0113tajam infekciju ierosin\u0101tajam un t\u0101m nav imunolo\u0123iskas atmi\u0146as. Ar\u012b citu im\u016bnsist\u0113mas \u0161\u016bnu skaits ir mazs un to funkcijas nav pilnv\u0113rt\u012bgas.\u00a0Piedzimstot pa\u0161a b\u0113rni\u0146a antivielu l\u012bmenis ir \u013coti zems, un pamaz\u0101m tas pieaug l\u012bdz septi\u0146u asto\u0146u gadu vecumam. Ta\u010du tikai pusaud\u017eu vecum\u0101 (8-15 gadi) antivielu l\u012bmenis ir t\u0101ds pats k\u0101 pieaugu\u0161ajiem. Mazulim g\u013cot\u0101du aizsargbarjera nav att\u012bst\u012bta, t\u0101 izveidojas no viena l\u012bdz divpadsmit gadu vecumam.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

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Kad b\u0113rna imunit\u0101te ir maz\u0101k aizsarg\u0101ta\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n

Imunit\u0101tes att\u012bst\u012bb\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137ir piecus kritiskos periodus. Im\u016bnsist\u0113mas att\u012bst\u012bba notiek pak\u0101peniski un katr\u0101 kritiskaj\u0101 period\u0101 b\u0113rns var slimot, jo im\u016bnsist\u0113ma v\u0113l nav nobriedusi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

1. kritiskais periods: jaundzimu\u0161\u0101 posms (l\u012bdz 28 dzim\u0161anas dienai)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0160is ir pirmais kritiskais periods, jo uzreiz p\u0113c piedzim\u0161anas, jaundzimu\u0161ais saskaras ar daudziem mikroorganismiem. Pa\u0161a b\u0113rna organisma imunit\u0101te v\u0113l nestr\u0101d\u0101, b\u0113rnu aizsarg\u0101 m\u0101tes antivielas, ko b\u0113rns sa\u0146em no placentas un m\u0101tes piena. No dzim\u0161anas br\u012b\u017ea mazu\u013ca organisms tikai s\u0101k savu antivielu sint\u0113zi, bet im\u016bn\u0161\u016bnu skaits, to daudzveid\u012bba un funkcijas ir ierobe\u017eotas.\u00a0<\/span>
\n\u0160im periodam rakstur\u012bga zema organisma rezistence pret daudz\u0101m bakt\u0113rij\u0101m, s\u0113n\u012bt\u0113m, v\u012brusiem (herpesv\u012bruss, citomegalov\u012bruss, koksakiv\u012bruss). \u0160ai laik\u0101 var att\u012bst\u012bties da\u017e\u0101di iekaisumi, kas var novest l\u012bdz sepsei un let\u0101lam izn\u0101kumam.\u00a0Sepse ir organisma visp\u0101r\u0113ja smaga saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s, kuras c\u0113lonis ir strutas rado\u0161o mikroorganismu un to toks\u012bnu cirkul\u0101cija asin\u012bs un limf\u0101. \u0160is periods ir vistrausl\u0101kais un visb\u012bstam\u0101kais, jo b\u0113rns pats nevar sevi aizsarg\u0101t pret kait\u012bgiem mikroorganismiem. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c ir \u013coti svar\u012bgi b\u0113rnam sa\u0146emt m\u0101tes pienu un pirmpienu, kas satur visus nepiecie\u0161amos imunoglobul\u012bnus.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\nJa b\u0113rnam s\u0101kusies bakteri\u0101la infekcija, to \u0101rst\u0113\u0161an\u0101 pielieto antibiotikas. Ta\u010du antibiotiku lieto\u0161ana izraisa zarnu trakta mikrofloras l\u012bdzsvara trauc\u0113jumus, kas savuk\u0101rt ietekm\u0113 im\u016bnglobul\u012bnu produkciju un antivielu spektra izmai\u0146as. P\u0113c antibiotiku lieto\u0161anas ir vajadz\u012bgs laiks, lai organisms atg\u016btos, atjaunotu savus resursus un turpin\u0101tu darboties k\u0101 iepriek\u0161.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. kritiskais periods: b\u0113rni\u0146\u0161 tr\u012bs l\u012bdz se\u0161u m\u0113ne\u0161u vecumam<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0160ai period\u0101 nov\u0113ro m\u0101tes antivielu sabrukumu. Im\u016bnas atbildes rezult\u0101t\u0101 b\u0113rna organisms sintez\u0113 imunoglobul\u012bnus, kuriem nav imunolo\u0123iskas atmi\u0146as (pie atk\u0101rtotas saskares ar mikroorganismu b\u0113rns atkal slimos). Tie\u0161i pirms \u0161\u012b perioda s\u0101kas b\u0113rna akt\u012bva vakcin\u0101cija, bet ar\u012b p\u0113c pirm\u0101s potes izstr\u0101d\u0101jas tikai t\u0101di imunoglobul\u012bni, kas nenes imunolo\u0123isko atmi\u0146u par infekcijas ierosin\u0101t\u0101ju. Tikai p\u0113c otr\u0101s potes jeb revakcin\u0101cijas s\u0101k izstr\u0101d\u0101ties imunoglobul\u012bni G, kas pal\u012bdz organism\u0101 saglab\u0101t im\u016bno atbildi un \u0161\u016bn\u0101s izstr\u0101d\u0101t atmi\u0146u pret konkr\u0113tiem mikroorganismiem. Rakstur\u012bga organisma paaugstin\u0101ta j\u016bt\u012bba pret rotav\u012brusiem, paragripas v\u012brusiem, adenov\u012brusiem, garo klepu. Vakcin\u0101cija pal\u012bdz aizsarg\u0101t b\u0113rna im\u016bno sist\u0113mu \u0161aj\u0101 trauslaj\u0101 period\u0101.<\/span>
\nZ\u012bdai\u0146iem kompleksa vakcin\u0101cija tiek uzs\u0101kta divu m\u0113ne\u0161u un pabeigta se\u0161u m\u0113ne\u0161u vecum\u0101. L\u012bdz prim\u0101r\u0101s vakcin\u0101cijas kursa pabeig\u0161anai b\u0113rni var infic\u0113ties no vec\u0101kiem, br\u0101\u013ciem un m\u0101s\u0101m, k\u0101 ar\u012b sve\u0161iem cilv\u0113kiem sabiedrisk\u0101s viet\u0101s, jo t\u0101s infekcijas, kuras var nov\u0113rst ar vakc\u012bn\u0101m, ir \u013coti lip\u012bgas un b\u012bstamas tie\u0161i maziem b\u0113rniem.\u00a0<\/span>
\n\u0160aj\u0101 period\u0101 rakstur\u012bgas aug\u0161\u0113jo elpo\u0161anas ce\u013cu saslim\u0161anas, par\u0101d\u0101s p\u0101rtikas aler\u0123ijas, s\u0101k izpausties iedzimtie im\u016bndefic\u012bti.<\/span>
\nT\u0101 k\u0101 daudzi v\u012brusi izplat\u0101s gaisa-pilienu ce\u013c\u0101, visliel\u0101k\u0101 to koncentr\u0101cija ir viet\u0101s, kur pulc\u0113jas daudzi cilv\u0113ki. T\u0101p\u0113c mazu b\u0113rnu bez liekas vajadz\u012bbas ieteicams nevest viet\u0101s, kur apgroz\u0101s daudzi cilv\u0113ki.\u00a0<\/span>
\nVecum\u0101 no trim m\u0113ne\u0161iem ieteicams uzs\u0101kt mazu\u013ca nor\u016bd\u012b\u0161anu. Tie\u0161i regul\u0101ra gaisa un \u016bdens temperat\u016bras mai\u0146a rada nor\u016bd\u012b\u0161anas efektu, ko var pan\u0101kt ar z\u012bdai\u0146u peld\u0113\u0161anas treni\u0146iem vai ar vanno\u0161anu. M\u0101j\u0101s p\u0113c vanno\u0161anas (\u016bdens temperat\u016brai vajadz\u0113tu b\u016bt 36-37 gr\u0101diem), b\u0113rnu ieteicams apsmidzin\u0101t ar \u016bdeni, kas aukst\u0101ks par vienu, diviem gr\u0101diem. Katru piekto dienu \u016bdens temperat\u016bru var pak\u0101peniski samazin\u0101t par vienu gr\u0101du, sasniedzot 28 gr\u0101du atz\u012bmi.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Vairumam b\u0113rnu lok\u0101las darb\u012bbas im\u016bnsist\u0113ma ir piln\u012bb\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bjusies un apm\u0113ram se\u0161u gadu vecum\u0101 b\u0113rna im\u016bnsist\u0113ma s\u0101k str\u0101d\u0101t l\u012bdz\u012bgi pieaugu\u0161ajiem.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

3. kritiskais periods \u2013 otrais dz\u012bv\u012bbas gads<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0160ai vecum\u0101 visbie\u017e\u0101k b\u0113rns s\u0101k apmekl\u0113t b\u0113rnud\u0101rzu, da\u017e\u0101das att\u012bsto\u0161\u0101s nodarb\u012bbas, kontakt\u0113jas ar liel\u0101ku cilv\u0113ku skaitu, nek\u0101 iepriek\u0161\u0113jos periodos. T\u0101 k\u0101 lok\u0101l\u0101s darb\u012bbas im\u016bnsist\u0113mas att\u012bst\u012bba v\u0113l nav pabeigta, ar\u012b g\u013cot\u0101das aizsargfunkcija v\u0113l nav pietiekama, b\u0113rni ir j\u016bt\u012bgi pret v\u012brusu un bakterial\u0101m infekcij\u0101m, pneimokokiem, aug\u0161\u0113jo elpo\u0161anas ce\u013cu infekcij\u0101m, gremo\u0161anas trakta infekcij\u0101m. J\u0101 b\u0113rns apmekl\u0113jot b\u0113rnud\u0101rzu \u013coti bie\u017ei un ilgsto\u0161i slimo, var teikt, ka vi\u0146a im\u016bnsist\u0113ma \u0161aj\u0101 vecum\u0101 v\u0113l nav gatava uzs\u0101kt b\u0113rnud\u0101rza gaitas un pretoties daudziem mikroorganismiem. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 ir ieteicams atlikt b\u0113rnud\u0101rza apmekl\u0113jumu vismaz l\u012bdz tr\u012bs gadu vecuma sasnieg\u0161anai.\u00a0<\/span>
\nTaj\u0101\u00a0pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 nevajadz\u0113tu ar\u012b b\u0113rnu censties maksim\u0101li no \u0101rpasaules pasarg\u0101t, jo j\u0101atceras, ka b\u0113rnam ir j\u0101slimo, lai vi\u0146\u0161 tren\u0113tu savu im\u016bnsist\u0113mu. Parasti b\u0113rns slimo 8-12 reizes gad\u0101.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. kritiskais periods \u2013 \u010detri l\u012bdz se\u0161i gadi<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Laiks, kad b\u0113rni jau s\u0101k gatavoties skolas gait\u0101m. Antivielu koncentr\u0101cija b\u0113rna organism\u0101 tuvojas jau pieaugu\u0161o l\u012bmenim, ta\u010du g\u013cot\u0101du aizsarg\u0101jo\u0161o antivielu\u00a0 l\u012bmenis ir zem\u0101ks nek\u0101 pieaugu\u0161ajiem.\u00a0<\/span>
\nVairumam b\u0113rnu lok\u0101las darb\u012bbas im\u016bnsist\u0113ma ir piln\u012bb\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bjusies un apm\u0113ram se\u0161u gadu vecum\u0101 b\u0113rna im\u016bnsist\u0113ma s\u0101k str\u0101d\u0101t l\u012bdz\u012bgi pieaugu\u0161ajiem. \u0160aj\u0101\u00a0laik\u0101 rakstur\u012bgas atopiskas slim\u012bbas, parazit\u0101ro un v\u0113l\u012bnu im\u016bndefic\u012bta st\u0101vok\u013cu izpausme. Daudzas elpce\u013cu slim\u012bbas ieg\u016bst hronisku gaitu.\u00a0<\/span>
\n\u0160aj\u0101 vecum\u0101 bez imunologa konsult\u0101cijas noteikti b\u0113rnam nevajadz\u0113tu dot imunit\u0101ti ietekm\u0113jo\u0161us medikamentus \u2013 to darb\u012bbas meh\u0101nisms ir at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgs, \u0161iem prepar\u0101tiem piem\u012bt daudz kontrindik\u0101ciju un blakuspar\u0101d\u012bbu. Turkl\u0101t tikai speci\u0101lists var nov\u0113rt\u0113t k\u0101ds tie\u0161i im\u016bnsist\u0113mas posms ir trauc\u0113ts. Multivitam\u012bnu kompleksu b\u0113rns var lietot gada aukstaj\u0101 sezon\u0101, bet ar\u012b t\u0101 izv\u0113li lab\u0101k atst\u0101t pediatra zi\u0146\u0101.<\/span><\/p>\n

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5. kritiskais periods \u2013 pusaud\u017eu vecums (12-13 gadi meiten\u0113m, 14-15 gadi z\u0113niem)<\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

Hormon\u0101las izmai\u0146as kombin\u0113jas ar im\u016bnas atbildes izmai\u0146\u0101m un limfo\u012bdo org\u0101nu masas samazin\u0101\u0161anos. Dzimumhormonu pieaugums nom\u0101c \u0161\u016bnu imunit\u0101ti. \u0160ai vecum\u0101 daudziem samazin\u0101s aler\u0123isko slim\u012bbu izpausmes, bet var par\u0101d\u012bties autoim\u016bnas un hroniskas slim\u012bbas, k\u0101 ar\u012b gremo\u0161anas sist\u0113mas slim\u012bbas. Atkal nov\u0113ro ak\u016btu aug\u0161\u0113jo elpce\u013cu infekciju pieaugumu.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>
\nJ\u0101atceras, ka p\u0113c slimo\u0161anas b\u0113rnam noteikti vajadz\u0113tu ats\u0101kt ierast\u0101s fizisk\u0101s aktivit\u0101tes, jo t\u0101s pal\u012bdz stiprin\u0101t imunit\u0101ti. Vislab\u0101k\u0101 slimo\u0161anas profilakse ir pastaigas svaig\u0101 gais\u0101 un sports, jo t\u0101s uzlabo asinsriti, nodro\u0161ina organismu ar sk\u0101bekli. Ar\u012b \u0161aj\u0101 vecum\u0101 b\u0113rnam nepiecie\u0161ams sabalans\u0113ts uzturs, regul\u0101ras \u0113dienreizes, atp\u016bta un miegs. Im\u016bnsist\u0113mas nobrie\u0161ana beidzas tikai pubert\u0101tes vecum\u0101.<\/span><\/p>\n

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LASI AR\u012a:<\/strong> Interesanti par iedzimto un ieg\u016bto imunit\u0101ti<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ja b\u0113rns slimo, vai j\u0101dodas pie imunologa? Svar\u012bg\u0101kais, kas vec\u0101kam j\u0101zina par imunit\u0101ti<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n